manufacturing – JDM Educational

Statistics are useful in many fields, including business. Especially now, in the era of “big data”, having a good grasp of statistics can help to take your business from average to exceptional. So, how is statistics used in business? Statistics is used in business for: appraisal of value, consumer surveys, hiring decisions, insurance, manufacturing, online business, real estate investing, rental housing, sales, and stock markets. Data analysis, regression, forecasting, hypothesis testing, and more are used in these fields. Of course, statistics is a tool that serves several purposes. It can give you insight into business operations, help you examine what went well (or what went wrong), and make predictions about the future. In this article, we’ll talk about 10 ways that statistics is used in business. We’ll also go into detail about what types of statistical methods are used in each of these examples. Let’s get started. How Is Statistics Used In Business? Statistics is used in business, and many different methods are used, including: data analysis (mean, standard deviation, etc.), regression, forecasting projections, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and probability distributions. We can use statistics in business to evaluate the prices of stocks and other assets such as houses, vehicles, and businesses. Here are some specific examples of how we can use statistics in business: Appraisal Of Value – determining the fair market value of a building or vehicle. Pricing adjustments can help you to sell faster (at a lower price). This can also help to determine when it is worthwhile to build (based on cost of building materials and prices of similar homes).Consumer Surveys – discover consumer sentiment and market demand.Hiring & Human Resources – how are job vacancy rates, turnover, and tenure affected by offers such as profit sharing, stock options, and benefits?Insurance – average amount of claim payments (severity) and how often a claim is made (frequency).Manufacturing – the accuracy of precision machining (target value and error tolerance for size, weight, etc. of items).Online Business – website optimization: which offer is more attractive to website visitors? What product benefits should you emphasize in your ad copy?Real Estate Investing – which properties and neighborhoods are desirable and on the rise? What nearby amenities make a property appreciate faster?Rental Housing – compare your vacancy rates to the industry average. If too low, your rents may be too low. If too high, your rents may be too high, or there may not be enough demand for housing in your market.Sales – making predictions to forecast weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual sales and revenue. Predicting rates of growth in various markets and deciding which market to enter or which audience to target.Stock Market – mean and standard deviation of stock and bond returns. Let’s take a closer look at each of these applications in turn, along with what statistical methods are being used in each case. Appraisal Of Value An appraisal of value helps to give an estimate of what a house, vehicle, or business would sell for. This estimate is based on current market conditions and the best available information. In real estate appraisal, one common method of valuing a home is the sales comparison approach. This involves looking at similar homes (for example, other 3-bedroom, 2-bathroom ranch homes), finding out the average price per square foot (for all similar homes), and applying this average value to the home’s area. Appraising the value of real estate is important for financing and investing in property. Finding the fair market value of an asset is important for at least two important reasons: FinancingInvesting Financing When you buy something of value, you will often finance the purchase with a bank loan. However, the bank will only lend to you if you have good credit and income, or if you have collateral. A house, vehicle, or business has tangible value, since it can be sold on the open market. If you fail to repay your loan, the bank can take possession of the asset and sell it to recover some or all of the defaulted loan amount (plus collection or legal fees). However, a bank will limit the amount you can borrow, based on the value of the asset. For example, many banks will only provide a mortgage loan of up to 80% of the value of a property. This means you would need to make at least a 20% down payment. If you want to borrow more than 80% of the value of a property, you would also need to pay for private mortgage insurance (PMI) to protect the bank in the event of your default on the loan. An accurate appraisal of value prevents the bank from making loans on a property that is worth a lot less than they thought. Investing A common phrase in investing is “buy low and sell high”. What this comes down to is trying to buy an asset for below the market value and selling it above market value (arbitrage), or else waiting for the value to go up (price appreciation). Stock market investors will often use metrics such as price, earnings per share, P/E ratio (price per share divided by earnings per share), and debt load to evaluate a business. A construction company also needs to make a decision about when to invest in new housing, and where to build. The inputs they have to pay for include: Cost of LandCost to clear the land (depends on labor and equipment costs)Cost of permits and licensesBusiness and Liability InsuranceInsurance & Real Estate Property Taxes (Carrying costs during construction, which become costs for the eventual buyer. You can learn more about how property values are assessed by cities and towns (for property taxes) in my article here.Building Materials (concrete, wood, etc.)Construction Labor (carpenters, plumbers, electricians, HVAC technicians, etc.)Administrative Costs (Marketing, Legal, etc.) All of these costs can vary, but the price of the finished home is another variable. Getting an accurate price appraisal before starting can help to determine if there is any profit in a construction project or not. A construction company needs to decide if it makes financial sense to build before beginning a project. Consumer Surveys A consumer survey can help you to discover consumer sentiment about a product or company. It can also reveal demand for a certain product or service in a given area. Consumer surveys can ask both quantitative (based on numbers) and qualitative (based on verbal descriptions) questions. Looking at the data from a sample of the population can give us insights into the market, based on statistics we calculate from the data. Conducting surveys and calculating statistics to gauge consumer sentiment and find hidden demand can help your business to advance. For example, we can look at: Average Income – this can tell us how much disposable income our target market might have (cash available for spending after paying expenses, based on cost of living in the geographic area).Average Household Size – this might tell us how much of a product a given household might use in a month (for example, 2 packages per person per month). This can give us insight into the total market size in a given geographic area.Distance To A Grocery Store – this can tell us how receptive an audience might be to a food or grocery delivery service. It is a good idea to figure out how you are going to use the data before you conduct a survey. Consumer surveys can be expensive and time consuming! Hiring & Human Resources Statistics can also help companies to make better decisions about hiring and compensation for staff. For example, instead of guessing about what salary to pay, a company can do research to find the average salary for someone in that position. Using statistics (like average salary for a position by geographic area) can help a business to make smart decisions about pay rates. If they are having trouble hiring because of a tight labor market, they can offer a salary above the average. They can also offer extra non-cash benefits (such as working from home) to attract workers. A company can also keep track of average employee tenure in a given position. This will help them to predict how often they will need to hire, or encourage the development of a talent pipeline and training program. Insurance Insurance companies must make good use of data and statistics to make profitable decisions. They must also keep close watch on their various lines of business to see problems early. For example, two statistics that an insurance company can calculate are severity and frequency for claims. Severity is the average cost of the claim (the units are dollars per claim). Frequency is the number of claims per time period (the units are claims per time period). When we multiply frequency and severity, the units of claims cancel, and we get dollars per time period. If a line of business has an increase in the total claims dollars over a given time period, they can investigate why: Did severity and frequency both increase?Did severity decrease, but frequency increased? (less severe but more frequent claims, such as lots of light car or roof damage after a minor hailstorm).Did severity increase, but frequency decreased? (more severe but less frequent claims). Hail in a storm may lead to higher claim frequency but lower claim severity. By keeping close tabs on their data and statistics, insurance companies can make smart decisions about whom to insure, and at what rates. Manufacturing Statistics can be used in manufacturing to track whether the average size (weight, height, length, etc.) of a part or product is correct. Statistics can also help us to determine variability (usually by calculating standard deviation). In manufacturing, there is a certain tolerance for defects, but the closer we can get to the specified dimensions, the better. For projects that require low variance (small parts with precise specifications), it is crucial to keep standard deviation as low as possible. Precision machining in manufacturing requires specifications to be met, or the customer may reject the lot. There is a tradeoff for of time or cost in exchange for quality. A machine (or machinist) that can do more precise work will take more time or cost more money (or both). For example, let’s say we have a manufacturing process with a mean width of 0.5 inches and a standard deviation of 0.01 inches. Let’s also assume the size of the manufactured items follows a normal distribution. Then we would expect: 68% of the items to fall in the range (0.49, 0.51) inches, or within 0.01 inches of the 0.5 inch specification.95% of the items to fall in the range (0.48, 0.52) inches, or within 0.02 inches of the 0.5 inch specification.99.7% of the items to fall in the range (0.47, 0.53) inches, or within 0.03 inches of the 0.5 inch specification. If a customer specifies that 95% of the items must be within 0.02 inches of the specified 0.5 inch size, then we will be able to fulfill the order. If a customer specified that 99% of the items must be within 0.03 inches of the specified 0.5 inch size, then we will also be able to fulfill that order. However, if a customer specifies that 90% of the items must be within 0.01 inches of the specified 0.5 inch size, then we will not be able to fulfill the order with our current capabilities. Online Business Online businesses, such as e-commerce stores and affiliate marketing websites, are very concerned with conversion rates. The conversion rate for an offer is the percentage of people who click through to take an action (sign up for an email newsletter) or make a purchase (buy a physical product, eBook, or course). Statistics can help online businesses to make decisions that better serve their customers and result in more profit. For example, customers will only buy a product if the benefits are clear to them. A website owner can use split testing (A/B testing) to find out which version of a sales page encourages more people to sign up for a newsletter or buy a product. Knowing your audience well can help with this process, but testing is the only way to know for sure what will work best. Making some changes to your website as a result of statistics from a split test (A/B test) can result in more revenue for your business. For example, let’s say that you try two versions of a sales page for your book: On the first day, you try version 1. Out of 150 visitors to the page, 3 buy the book.On the second day, you try version 2. Out of 160 visitors to the page, 4 buy the book. We can calculate the statistic (conversion rate) for both days to find: Day 1: conversion rate = purchases / visitors = 3 / 150 = 0.02 (2%)Day 2: conversion rate = purchases / visitors = 4 / 160 = 0.025 (2.5%) It looks like version 2 converts slightly better than version 1 (2.5% versus 2%). This may not seem like much, but it is a change of +0.5% in conversion rate. If your website grows to 400 visitors per day (146,000 visitors per year), an increase of 0.5% in the conversion rate means an extra 730 people will buy your book. At a cost of $15 per book, that is an extra $1045 per year, just for conducting a small split test! Real Estate Investing Statistics can also help real estate investors to make better decisions about where to spend their limited time and capital. You may need to use multiple statistics to make the best decisions. Real estate investors can use statistics to decide where to invest their limited time and capital. For example, the price alone is not enough to make an informed decision about where to invest. Let’s see why. Let’s say there are two investment properties available. Both are 3-bedroom, 2-bathroom single family ranch homes, and both are the same price: $350,000. It sounds like both homes are equivalent, but history would suggest something else. Looking back at the price history on Zillow, we find that: The first home sold 4 years ago for $250,000.The second home sold 10 years ago for $200,000. Using this information, we can calculate average annual appreciation rates for both houses: House 1: (350,000 / 250,000)1/4 – 1 = 0.0878 (8.8% per year)House 2: (350,000 / 200,000)1/10 – 1 = 0.0576 (5.8% per year) Based on these statistics, it seems that House 1 will appreciate faster, at 8.8% per year (versus 5.8% per year for House 2). This could make a big difference over a 10-year investment window: Value of House 1 In 10 Years: 350,000(1.088)10 = $814,499Value of House 2 In 10 Years: 350,000(1.058)10 = $615,070 This is a difference of about $200,000 over 10 years ($20,000 per year), just for spending a few minutes to do a little extra homework on Zillow. To learn more about which properties and neighborhoods are desirable and on the rise (and what nearby amenities can make a property appreciate faster), check out Zillow Talk. Rental Housing Statistics can also be useful in rental housing. For example, you can compare the average vacancy rates in your apartment building to the industry average for your geographical area. (You can check vacancy rates at the national level on the Federal Reserve website). If your vacancy rates are lower than average, it may mean a few things: Your rents are too low. Tenants are flocking to lease units in your apartment building because it is a good deal at the current rent, compared to other nearby buildings.Your management is good. This can lead to low turnover, meaning your tenants are staying for a long time since they don’t have to deal with poor building maintenance and the headaches that go with it.Tight housing market. This is not within your control. Even if your rents are high and management is poor, a tight housing market is “a tide that lifts all boats” (or landlords). A well-maintained rental property will have a lower vacancy rate than a comparably priced property with poor maintenance. On the other hand, if your vacancy rates are higher than average, it may mean a few things: Your rents are too high. Tenants are fleeing your building in search of cheaper rents available at comparable nearby apartments.Your management is poor. This can lead to high turnover, meaning your tenants move out often because they have to deal with poor building maintenance and the headaches that go with it.Weak housing market. This is not within your control. Even if your rents are low and management is good, a weak housing market can mean apartments sit vacant for months. Sales Statistics can be used in sales to make predictions for weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual revenue. This can help the business to decide how much to spend and whether to hire or not. Forecasting can also be used to predict growth rates in various markets. This can help the company to decide which market to enter or which audience to target. Stock Market A stock market investor can use various statistics to decide whether a stock or bond is a good investment. Some common statistics include: Average rate of return: you can look at daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual rates of return.Standard deviation of returns: you can find out how much variability there is in the returns (to help manage risk).P/E Ratio: the P/E (price to earnings) ratio helps to determine if a stock is overvalued relative to the rest of the market or relative to its historical P/E ratio. For example, let’s say that a company has a P/E ratio of 30, compared to a market average of 25. The company seems overvalued in relation to the rest of the stock market as a whole. However, if the company’s historical P/E ratio ranges from 32 to 40, then buying in at a P/E ratio of 30 may be a discount for this particular company – regardless of the rest of the market. Conclusion Now you know how you can use statistics to understand the data in your business and to make better decisions. Maybe this will give you some ideas on how to improve your operations. You can learn about uses of statistics in other disciplines here. You might also want to check out my article on the difference between probability & statistics. I hope you found this article helpful. If so, please share it with someone who can use the information. Don’t forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel & get updates on new math videos! ~Jonathon